Rice farmers’ perceptions about temperature and rainfall variations, respective adaptation measures, and determinants: Implications for sustainable farming systems

In Pakistan, climate change is adversely affecting agricultural production and undermining the food security subsistence of millions farm households. Farmers’ understanding their adaptation strategies can serve as a useful step to help minimize risks. This study explores farmers’ perception determinants in rice-growing zone Punjab province, this region country highly vulnerable impacts. The multistage stratified-random sampling method was used select 480 farmers from four rice districts region, data were collected using structured questionnaire. Logistic regression contingency tables are analyze adopted extent (number strategies). Results show that perceived significant changes climate, including rise average summer winter temperatures decline overall precipitation. further found include supplementary irrigation, adjustments cultivation dates, crop diversification, use climate-smart varieties, better fertilizer management, resizing. Logit model showed age, primary occupation, income, landholding, access credit, information, advisory appeared be decision. strongly correlates with education information credit services. Based on these findings, suggests relevant institutions improve irrigation water, advisory, hence resilience rice-farming system.